A brief history of millets Millet grains have been discovered in pots used for storing grans and seeds discovered at archaeological sites in present day China, India, Europe and different parts of Africa. It is commonly called kodo in Nepal where 877 accessions have been maintained by National Plant Genetic Resource Centre, Khumaltar, Nepal. Facilitates organic weed management due to better distinction of weed and crop. A type of flat bread is prepared using finger millet flour (called ragi rotti in Kannada) in Northern districts of Karnataka. In Kerala, puttu, a traditional breakfast dish, can be made with ragi flour and grated coconut, which is then steamed in a cylindrical steamer. [11], Finger millet is generally seen as not very prone to diseases and pests. [16] Striga resistant genes have not been identified yet in cultivated finger millet but could be found in crop wild relatives of finger millet. In the tribal and western hilly regions of Odisha, ragi or mandiaa is a staple food. It is also gluten free and low in fat that is mainly unsaturated. Especially in early growing stages of the crop and the weed and when broadcast seeding instead of row seeding is applied (as often the case in East Africa), the two species are very difficult to distinguish. When finger millet is germinated, enzymes are activated, which transfer starches into other carbohydrates such as sugars. Finger Millet Farming (Ragi) Guide:-Finger Millet Farming (Ragi) Introduction of Finger Millet: – Finger Millet also knows as “Ragi” in India .This is a hardy popular food and wonder grain crop next to wheat, maize & rice in India. Line Sowing: Improved sowing compared to broadcasting. Classification APG III (2009) Règne Plantae Clade Angiospermes Clade Monocotylédones Clade Commelinidées Ordre Poales Famille Poaceae Sous-famille Chloridoideae Tribu Cynodonteae Sous-tribu Eleusininae Genre Eleusine Espèce Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Satva, pole (dosa), bhakri, ambil (a sour porridge), and pappad are common dishes made using finger millet. Eleusine coracana, or finger millet, is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia. Finger millet is a traditional crop of many ethnic groups in Kenya, but "nowadays grown to a relatively smaller extent than before." All these make it one of the healthiest millets in the world. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Floors and Occupation Surface Analysis in Archaeology, Florence Charter on Historic Gardens (1982), Foraging to Farming Transition: Global Health Impacts, Trends, and Variation, Forensic and Archaeological Analyses: Similarities and Differences, Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology in Disaster Response, Forensic Anthropology: Investigating Human Rights Violations, Formal Education up to Age 18, Archaeology in. Africa is the center of origin and also a major producer of several cereals like sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, teff and African rice. [17] ICRISAT is currently evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress Striga resistance into cultivated finger millet. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. In the Garhwal and Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, koda or maddua is made into thick rotis (served with ghee), and also made into badi, which is similar to halwa but without sugar. This has disadvantages, such as reduced storage time of the flour due to the high oil content. is a small cereal grain grown in the semi-arid sub-tropical and tropical regions of Africa and Asia where it is one of the cereal staples (ICRISAT/FAO 1996, Obilana and Manyasa 2002). 16 17. Eleusine africana (Kenn.-O'Bryne), Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn, Eleusine floccifolia (Spreng), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Eleusine intermedia (Chiov.) Millets have been a good part of the staple diet among many communities across the world. Some sources report a storage duration up to 50 years under good storage conditions. $12.99 $ 12. Several species in the family Gramineae, in particular common millet (Panicum miliaceum), of temperate regions, the tropical finger millet (Eleusine coracana), which is a staple in parts of Africa and India, and pearl millet ‘They grow cereals (sorghum, finger millet, and maize), oil seeds (sesame and niger seed), legumes, and root crops.’ [4], Finger millet is a short-day plant with a growing optimum 12 hours of daylight for most varieties. Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE. Therefore, it is advisable to keep rotating the kind of millets we are eating. For children, ragi is also fed with milk and sugar (malt). The oldest record of finger millet comes from an archaeological site in Africa dating to the 8th century AD. The malted finger millet can be used as a substrate to produce for example gluten-free beer or easily digestible food for infants.[4]. The flour is made into a fermented drink (or beer) in Nepal and in many parts of Africa. ex A.Rich), Eleusine semisterilis (S.M.Phillips) and Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) The majority of worldwide finger millet farmers grow it rainfed, although yields often can be significantly improved when irrigation is applied. In Tamil Nadu, ragi is called kezhvaragu and also has other names like keppai, ragi, and ariyam. [14] Striga can be controlled with limited success by hand weeding, herbicide application, crop rotations, improved soil fertility, intercropping and biological control. For early Rabi and Kharif season, seedlings should be transplanted at 25 cm x 10 cm and for late Kharif season at 30 cm x 10 cm. [4], Finger millet is native to the Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands. , 1788 Statut de conservation UICN LC: Préoccupation mineure Eleusine … The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a member of the CGIAR consortium, partners with farmers, governments, researchers and NGOs to help farmers grow nutritious crops, including finger millet. Relative to other species (pearl millet and sorghum), finger millet has a higher tolerance to cool temperatures. The small, deep red grain is a rich source of nutrients, including protein, fiber, iron, calcium, etc. 160.153.147.141, Finger millet is the common English name of the crop. It is grown from about 500 to about 2400 m above sea level (e.g. This is the common method because it is the easiest way and no special machinery is required. Finger millet [Eleucine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] This process is also called malting and is very common in the production of brewed beverages such as beer. [11] These symptoms can drastically impair photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthetic assimilates, and grain filling, so reduce yield and grain quality. There are various food recipes of finger millet, including dosa, idli, and laddu. It ranks sixth in production after wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and bajra in India. In Nepal, a thick dough (ḍhĩḍo) made of millet flour (kōdō) is cooked and eaten by hand. Hence, it can be cultivated on higher elevations than most tropical crops. India leads as the largest producer of finger millet in the world. The pathogen leads to drying out of leaves, neck rots, and ear rots. This is made into large balls to quantify the intake. in Himalaya region). It was claimed to have been found in an Indian archaeological site dated to 1800 BCE (Late Bronze Age); however, this was subsequently demonstrated to be incorrectly identified. Ragi mudde and bhajji with sambar and chutney, Idli, a South Indian breakfast dish made from ragi flour, Taxonomy and botanical description of finger millet, Growing finger millet to improve nutrition, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "Phenotypic Diversity of Nepalese Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Its scientific name is Eleusine coracana. [2][3] It is a tetraploid and self-pollinating species probably evolved from its wild relative Eleusine africana. Ragi is called koozh – a staple diet in farming communities, eaten along with raw onions and green chillies. Sturmiopsis inferens). This grain is valued as staple food. This method is used in conservation agriculture. Finger millet contains about 5–8% protein, 1–2% ether extractives, 65–75% carbohydrates, 15–20% dietary fiber and 2.5–3.5% minerals. Together with corn, finger millet is used in Kenya to brew opaque beers. ), Eleusine kigeziensis (S.M.Phillips), Eleusine multiflora (Hochst. This is a preview of subscription content. Finger millet originates from east Africa, possibly Uganda or Ethiopia. Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Finger millet is very adaptable to a wide range of environmental and climatic conditions, thrives at higher elevations than most other tropical cereals and tolerates salinity better than most cereals. Mudde is prepared by cooking the ragi flour with water to achieve a dough-like consistency. The cereal has low fat content (1.3%) and contains mainly unsaturated fat. Finding plant domestication on the Indian subcontinent. Finger millet, plant producing edible grain; Ragi (Sikhism), a Sikh person skilled in performing ragas Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast also known as ragi yeast Arrives before Christmas Only 4 left in stock - order soon. Domesticated finger millet was then also farmed in the lowlands of Africa. For example, the Harnessing Opportunities for Productivity Enhancement of Sorghum and Millets in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (HOPE) project is increasing yields of finger millet in Tanzania by encouraging farmers to grow improved varieties. Finger millet is native to the Ethiopian highlands (D’Andrea et al., 1999). Its ability to bear waterlogging is limited, so good drainage of the soils and moderate water-holding capacity are optimal. At the first harvest, all earheads that have turned brown should be cut. For Ugandan finger millet varieties, for instance, the optimal average growth temperature ranges at about 27 °C, while the minimal temperatures should not be lower than 18 °C. (S.M.Phillips), Eleusine jaegeri (Pilg. Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) [11][12] Finger millet blast can be controlled with cultural measures, chemical treatments, and the use of resistant varieties. Tropical Central Africa supports scattered regions of finger millet intercropping mostly with legumes, but also with cassava, plantain, and vegetables. It is also made in the form of pancakes with chopped onions and tomatoes. In other East African countries, finger millet malt is often combined with pearl millet malt to make a … Its main growing area ranges from 20°N to 20°S, meaning mainly the semiarid to arid tropics. The organic weed management with this method is a problem, because it is difficult to distinguish between weed and crop. [4] The long storage capacity makes finger millet an important crop in risk-avoidance strategies as a famine crop for farming communities.[4]. [20] Ragi is dried, powdered, and boiled to form a thick mass that is allowed to cool. The crop has been found in the archeological record of early African agriculture and was introduced to India at least 3000 years ago (Vishnu-Mittre, 1968). Furthermore, it can tolerate soil salinity up to a certain extent. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae): Chloroplast DNA and Total Evidence", "Genome organization and polyploid evolution in the genus Eleusine (Poaceae)", "Regeneration guidelines Fingermillet, ICRISAT", "Evaluation of ecologies and severity of Striga weed on rice in sub-Saharan Africa", "Improved methodologies for breeding striga-resistant sorghums", "Resistance to Striga hermonthica in Wild Accessions of the Primary Gene Pool of Pennisetum glaucum", "Pink Stem Borer (Sesamia inference): Nature, Life Cycle and Control", https://www.livechennai.com/healthnews.asp?catid=10&newsid=45408&nav=n, List of top international rankings by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleusine_coracana&oldid=996485567, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles needing additional references from February 2019, All articles needing additional references, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, With cereals: Finger millet/maize, finger millet/. In Karnataka, finger millet is generally consumed in the form of a porridge called ragi mudde in Kannada. Nevertheless, finger millet is found to be grown at 30°N in the Himalaya region (India and Nepal). Singh, and Salej Sood Abstract Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Read full article By Yerroju Sridevi @ Pinnacle IHM Photo Credit: ICRISAT Finger millet popularly referred to as Ragi in Telugu, has taken its origin in Africa and later spread […] Finger millet is the fourth millet in terms of worldwide production after sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Upadhyaya et al., 2007). [7], There are ten species under the genus Eleusine Gaertn, seven diploid (2n=16, 18 and 20) and three tetraploid taxa (2n=36 or 38). Finger millet is the common English name of the crop Eleusine coracana (L.) 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